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History of artificial intelligence: Birth of AI to LLM and Machine Learning


The history of artificial intelligence (AI) began in antiquity, with myths, stories, and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence or consciousness by master craftsmen. The study of logic and formal reasoning from antiquity to the present led directly to the invention of the programmable digital computer in the 1940s, a machine based on abstract mathematical reasoning. This device and the ideas behind it inspired scientists to begin discussing the possibility of building an electronic brain.

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How to Prepare for Current Affairs in UPSC Exam (2025)

In this article, we will go through guidelines to effectively prepare current affairs for UPSC Civil Services Exam — Prelims and Mains. 

In the past one year, thousands of aspirants emailed me with their UPSC exam queries. One topic that constantly featured in majority of them is Current Affairs. Though I tried my best to reply to those emails individually, the volume of mail on current affairs never abated. So I thought a detailed blog post on it would be ideal so that everyone can read and get their doubts clarified.

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Powering Progress: How Science and Technology Shape the Destiny of Nations


From the first steam engine to modern supercomputers, science and technology have demonstrated time and again their power to transform nations. When we examine history—starting with Britain’s Industrial Revolution in the 18th century—we see how the interplay of scientific insight and technological innovation jump‑started economic prosperity, social progress, and geopolitical influence. Today, at a time of global challenges ranging from climate change to digital inequality, that lesson remains as vital as ever: building national strength means investing in science and cultivating technological capacity.

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